The eNotes Blog Catcher in the Rye To Be Dropped from CurriculumPuh-lease

Catcher in the Rye To Be Dropped from CurriculumPuh-rent New Common Core Standards drop great books for instructive writings. The US educational system will experience some enormous changes inside the following two years, essentially because of a choice to expel a decent arrangement of great books from the educational program, or so the ongoing media reports would have you think. The thought behind debilitating or decreasing the educating of old top picks like The Catcher in the Rye and To Kill a Mockingbird is to prepare for true to life enlightening writings in the educational program. These ought to be affirmed by the Common Core Standards of each state. Proposed messages incorporate, Recommended Levels of Insulation by the US Environmental Protection Agency, and the Invasive Plant Inventory, by Californias Invasive Plant Council, among others. Mmmm, I simply love me a decent read on protection levels while I absorb the tub. Along these lines, the thought behind this is kids who go through such an educational system will be more ready for the work environment, their minds pressed with valuable, pragmatic information as opposed to overflowing with scholarly lighten (my own summation). It has the sponsorship of the National Governors Association, the Council of Chief of State School Officers, and even the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, which halfway financed the mandate. However, is that gauge right? Will perusing more genuine for fiction breed better composition, or increasingly educated alumni? The conversation is incredibly partitioned. One Arkansas educator wrote in this Telegraph article, At long last, instruction must be about more than basically guaranteeing that children can find a new line of work. Isnt it expected to be tied in with making balanced residents? Then, another peruser said something for the stars of showing increasingly logical writings: I dont see how adding genuine books to perusing records REDUCES creative mind.  Hard science is about imaginationthe what uncertainties of nature and the universe I am tired of English teachers acting like English Literature is the main bastion of creative mind/basic reasoning/culture. At the point when I originally read that article expressing that The Catcher in the Ryeâ and different books explicitly would be gone from educational programs across the country, I was frightened and terrified, however I presently realize it was unnecessarily so. The responses of dissidents are a touch hyperbolic, given that the two soothing writings I named above are found among a not insignificant rundown of interchange proposals in different subjects, for instance Circumference: Eratosthenes and the Ancient Quest to Measure the Globe by Nicholas Nicastro, and The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story by Richard Preston, intriguing and elegantly composed books in their own right. English Literature classes won't be banished from showing certain exemplary books, as a portion of the reports would have you accept, however they may have more constrained opportunity to show them than previously. Indeed, the educational system will be improved and perhaps not, yet Salinger and Lee arent going anyplace. With everything taken into account, the contentions for the two sides make exaggerated presumptions: on the one, that understudies will inexplicably be more ready for the activity advertise, on the other, that all creative mind and innovativeness will be depleted from susceptible youthful grown-ups. Things being what they are, which side do you remain on, assuming either? Is the educating of instructive writings justified, or best left to professional investigations? Let us know in a remark beneath!

Business Law - Use of Contracts in E-commerce Assignment

Business Law - Use of Contracts in E-trade - Assignment Example Business exchange expenses can be decreased by low correspondence cost methodology. It can permit the associations to concentrate on their center business exercises (Lee, 1998, p.4). In addition, association can purchase a few outside administrations through this cost decrease methodology. Cheats and entrepreneurial conduct can happen in a solid long haul connection between two unique associations. Incomparable common trust can present restricted hazard. In addition, it will assist the associations with reducing their hazard the board costs. Online business includes synchronization between a few associations actualizing compelling correspondence innovation. This synchronization can be achieved as a virtual venture or an electronic undertaking. Agreements assume a significant job in both these cases. In worldwide electronic market, contracts are alluded as the concurrences on a specific business exchange. Agreement can be considered as the joint effort understanding for a more drawn o ut timeframe in a virtual undertaking. These collaboration understandings include coordinated business process. This reconciliation can be achieved in a few different ways however for the most part shared database and between authoritative work processes are the significant wellsprings of this incorporated business process. The examination will talk about the utilization of a few agreements in the internet business. Content An agreement can be characterized as an understanding between a few gatherings that depends on explicit common responsibilities. Uneven responsibility can't be considered as an agreement. Trade of a few products and enterprises between two or beyond what two gatherings can be named as common responsibility. In most broad cases, one gathering offers types of assistance or products and other gathering pays for those traded merchandise and ventures. In addition, implementation instrument in places is exceptionally basic in an agreement. It guarantees both recognizab le proof and discipline of breaking a guarantee or responsibility. Starting at now, every agreement can be made through online in UK. Business exchanges are commonly partitioned into three progressive stages, for example, contract planning, contract arrangement and agreement satisfaction (Daskalopulu and Sergot, 1997, pp. 6-8). Agreement arrangement can be alluded as the data stage. Then again, contract acknowledgment can be alluded as understanding stage. Agreement satisfaction stage has restricted arrangement exercises. In this stage, a few purchasers select a particular item or administration. It shows that the purchasers need to buy that item or administration. Then again, venders convey the item or administrations to the purchasers after, previously, or at the hour of installment. This trade procedure turns out to be progressively confused in B2B process as the cost of items or administrations might be not fixed. In addition, the conveyance procedure can turn out to be increasi ngly troublesome in a few B2B forms as in International Trade. In these circumstances, the agreements are progressively elaborative in nature. These remember a few particulars for some satisfaction processes’ structure (Chirku and Kauffman, 2000, pp.7-12). Also, these agreements help to demonstrate the disputes’ resolve process. Legitimate framework is battling because of quick pace of internet business improvement. It is talked about before that shared trade of merchandise and enterprises can be alluded as agreement. Composed agreement is the online business legitimate apparatus. These agreements can

Leverage Browser Caching To Improve Site Speed

Leverage Browser Caching To Improve Site Speed Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Leverage Browser Caching To Improve Site SpeedUpdated On 17/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : WordPressShort URL : http://hbb.me/2oz78Ik CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogThe phrase Leverage Browser Caching actually means that different items on your site should have different expire times set. This is recommended by Google, and it will improve your overall Google Page Speed Score. If you have installed W3 Total Cache then you can check your sites Page Speed score on your dashboard itself. We have shared lots of tips to improve website loading speed, and this is one of the simplest one.Some tips to tweak your sites speedUse PHP Flush To Improve Site Loading SpeedHOW TO: Setup Google Analytics To Check Site SpeedHOW TO: Get Google Page Speed Report Via W3 Total Cache7 Free Best Tools To Check Website Loading SpeedHow to Leverage Browser CachingFind your .htaccess file , open it with any text editor (Notepad for instance) and add these codes below. Then save it.## EXPIRES CACHING ## ExpiresActive On ExpiresByType image/jpg access 1 year ExpiresByType image/jpeg access 1 year ExpiresByType image/gif access 1 year ExpiresByType image/png access 1 year ExpiresByType text/css access 1 month ExpiresByType application/pdf access 1 month ExpiresByType text/x-javascript access 1 month ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash access 1 month ExpiresByType image/x-icon access 1 year ExpiresDefault access 2 days ## EXPIRES CACHING ##[Code Updated. If you still get an error, check this post]READHOW TO: Setup Google Analytics To Check Site SpeedWhat This Code Actually Does?It will instruct the browser to cache different static resources like images, flash, PDF, JavaScript and icons for some specified period of time. You can also increase or decrease the values depending on your specific requirements. By configuring your web server to set caching headers for cacheable static resources, your site will appear to load much faster.Do you know any other simple tips to improve site loading speed? Kindly share them in comments below.

Bureaucratic Leadership Style Winston Churchill

Bureaucratic leadership style has a long history. It’s been used in politics and in religions organisations around the world. The effectiveness of the style has seen a number of great leaders take advantage of the framework, with business leaders understanding the essential nature of the style. Who are some of the bureaucratic leaders you might want to look up to? Below are four examples of the benefits and the occasional downside of the leadership framework. Winston Churchill While the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, showed a number of different leadership qualities, bureaucratic leadership is definitely among the strongest models he used. Churchill had charisma, which he used during the Second World War, but he also relied on a heavily structured system to get things done. Churchill’s key bureaucratic leader traits were his decisive nature and persistency to follow the plan. Churchill was wary of both Stalin’s Soviet Russia and Hitler’s Nazi Germany right from the start. This wasn’t a popular assessment of the time and the British Government didn’t believe the stark images Churchill was painting about the future, but Churchill stuck to his decision-making and view of the two leaders. Eventually, as war began to tear Europe, Churchill was voted in and he created a decisive plan to defeat the enemy, no matter the cost. Furthermore, Churchill also showed plenty of persistency. In his famous speech, Churchill said, â€Å"Whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on theShow MoreRelatedFrom Mahatma Gandhi to Winston Churchill to Martin Luther King2352 Words   |  10 Pagesto Winston Churchill to Martin Luther King, there are as many leadership styles as there are leaders. Fortunately, businesspeople and psychologists have developed useful and simple ways to describe the main styles of leadership, and these can help aspiring leaders understand which styles they should use. So, whether you manage a team at work, captain a sports team, or lead a major corporation, which approach is best? Consciously, or subconsciously, youll probably use some of the leadership stylesRead MorePlan for the Development of Future Situations Requiring Leadership4343 Words   |  18 Pagescompany name] | Submission of Personal and Professional Development Plan (Assignment 1of 1) | | Content list Summary Introduction This assignment is to development a strategic leadership development plan. There includes to report the CEO regarding the review the strategic management and leadership of the organization. In current situation, Myanmar is in the transition period in both political and economic surface. The treaty of ASEAN free trade area which will start impacting MyanmarRead MoreThere Is No Best Style of Leadership2793 Words   |  12 PagesIs No One Best Style Of Leadership. Abstract: This proposal will present what is actually meant by the term ‘Leadership. 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At its peak, 12,000 people were employed through this program while 1,200 performances of 850 major theater works and of 309 new playsRead MoreControl Your Destiny or Someone Else Will10092 Words   |  41 Pagesemerging. That is when the German theorists Max Weber extolled the benefits of systematic organizational controls such as clear chains of command and advancement based on merit. Corporations built on the Weberian model have relied ever since on bureaucratic schemes to reduce the inherent uncert ainties of business. The ideal was a system of such clear and enforceable rules that an organization could function with machinelike predictability. 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Two Kinds and Everyday Use Comparison - 918 Words

In present-day society, families go through several problems and arguments regarding numerous issues which would have been considered unacceptable in past times. Throughout a variety of different cultures, the level of respect and obedience for one’s parents has diminished while the negotiation of conformity and rebellion has risen. This statement is supported and evidential in two different stories, â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan and â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker. Although these stories represent different cultures, they both exemplify the values and importance of family relations; as well as demonstrate in every culture families face social problems. In both these stories, two major topics stood out which allowed me to compare each one to one†¦show more content†¦In the story, a dispute comes about, which was who should receive the grandma’s quilts even though they were already promised to Maggie. Dee argued her sister wouldn’t appreci ate the quilts; she would put them to everyday use rather than hang them. Mama explained that was the purpose of the quilts to be used; it held no sentimental value because it was a materialistic thing. At this part of the story, Mama conformed to Maggie’s needs by giving her the quilts instead of obeying Dee’s (Wangero’s) demands as usual. In the story Everyday Use, Dee otherwise known as Wangero, is the rebellious character just as Jing-Mei was in Two Kinds. These stories show relation because the two kinds of daughters Jing-Mei’s mother describes in Two Kinds are evident in Everyday Use. Maggie would be the obedient daughter explained while Dee would be the one who chose to follow her own mind. Though both stories represent different cultures, the both embody the importance of customs and tradition. As displayed in these stories, there is not always a mutual agreement within the family about several situations. Even I have faced conflict within my family, while I was growing up a time or two. Whether the issue involved something that you felt wasn’t fair or it was simply because you were told to do something in which you did not want to abide; the fact remains in every culture, family, life, or relationship, there will come a time where a conflict will arise.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Social Psych ology1571 Words   |  6 Pageshow people influence each other, in what ways, what areas, and to what degree. Although it’s hard to predict an individual’s exact actions, social psychology helps us by putting guidelines and general principles to understanding human behavior in everyday life. The main topics that social psychology studies to help us understand how others affect us are: social influence, helping and harming others, attitudes and persuasion, and prejudice and discrimination. The first topic - social influence - focusesRead MoreComparisson of Mother Tounge and Everyday Use1417 Words   |  6 Pages1102 March 20, 2014 Amy Tans, â€Å"Mother Tongue† and Alice Walkers â€Å"Everyday Use† both share similar traits in their writings of these two short stories. â€Å"Mother Tongue† revolves around the experiences Tan and her mother had due to her mothers English speaking limitations, she also revolves her story around the relationship of a mother and daughter. Alice walker on the other hand writes a story narrated by â€Å"Mama† the mother of two daughters Maggie and Dee and explains the conflicting relationshipRead MoreHeathcliff Character Analysis1700 Words   |  7 Pagesmoves immediately have an effect on the plot. Heathcliff’s amazing herbal capabilities, power of character, and love for Catherine Earnshaw all permit him to elevate himself from humble beginnings daily the fame of a rich gentleman, however his want everyday revenge himself for Hindley’s abuse and Catherine’s betrayal leads him into a twisted life of cruelty and hatred; Catherine is day-to-dayrn among her love for Heathcliff and her desire every day be a gentlewoman, and her choice every day marry theRead MoreComparisons of Maggie of Everyday Use and Laura of The Glass Menagerie1145 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 1302 11 July 2013 â€Å"Two Different People, Same Problem†: A Comparison of Maggie and Laura’s Physical Defects We are sometimes known as our own worst critic and after reading Alice Walker’s short story â€Å"Everyday Use† and Tennessee Williams’ play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, we experience two characters that display this to be true. In â€Å"Everyday Use† we are introduced to Maggie, the timid and homely little sister who has burns throughout her arms and legs due to a house fire which occurred manyRead MoreHow Contextualism Can Be Used to Disregard Skepticism1256 Words   |  6 Pagesknow that P, (2) I don’t know that Not-H, (3) I know that P only if I know that Not-H. To start with, Cohen sees two definitive things in this argument. (A) That (1,2 and 3) all seem to be true and (B) that they appear in conflict that the same time. In this argument P is known to be any common sense claim that an individual would normally make abut the world for e.g. that I have two feet and that Franklin Marshall is in Lancaster. H would be a skeptical claim/h ypothesis. Examples of these areRead MoreWhat I Believe About My Thought Process917 Words   |  4 Pages Leslee McCrohan What I found to be true in my thought process, in both cases of the negative and the positive , is to use the self talk. I believe everyone uses the self talk to some degree or another. This self awareness helps keep me grounded. Although I do worry about things, it tends to be things that are usually not in my control. This will often lead to self doubt. One of the ways I divert around the worry is to give to God and let him take care of it for me. In the last fewRead MoreBusiness Model Is Proliferating : A Hub And Spoke Strategy1663 Words   |  7 Pagesforces that lead to consolidation and the law of twos happen even faster on the Internet. The best products are anointed, information is rapidly distributed, and customers (who face no geographic limits) seek out these hot places. Moreover, as brands become familiar, consumers increasingly seek them out because they have credibility. Unique to the Web is something which may be called a hub-and-spoke strategy . This also facilitates the law of twos: A hub-and-spoke strategy is the increasinglyRead MoreThe Open Destiny of Life1133 Words   |  5 Pages The Open Destiny of Life In the short story â€Å"A Conversation with My Father,† written by Grace Paley, there are two stories intertwined. The main story is about a visit between a middle-aged woman and her elderly, bedridden father. It is during this visit that the two of them discuss fiction and give their opinion towards tragedy in literature and in life. The second is a story that the daughter creates for her father at his request. She proceeds to tell him a story about a mother who, in orderRead MoreSpeech Is Not The Same Thing Essay768 Words   |  4 Pageshow an individual uses language to communicate. Thus, speech is dependent on what a person says, so â€Å"there’ll be individual and social variation† (p.37). 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The Most Influential African American Composers Of The...

Edward Kennedy â€Å"Duke† Ellington Duke Ellington is considered to be one of the most influential African-American composers of the twentieth century. He was a composer, bandleader, songwriter, and a musician. Duke Ellington was born in Washington D.C on April 29, 1899 and died on May 24, 1974 in New York, New York. Often times, Duke’s music was called â€Å"American Music† because it was for America, later his music was placed under the category of Jazz. After his death, Duke’s musical reputation was widely spread across America gaining more popularity. Many jazz artist do not write their own music but Duke composed most of hs albums and compositions. Duke composed his songs so that every player in his orchestra would sound their best and each instrument was emphasized. He mainly focused on rhythm and how each instrument would sound together and how it would make the audience feel. Duke had many famous songs but a few are: â€Å"If it Ain’t Got That Swing,† â€Å"Sophisticated Lady,† â€Å"Take The ‘A Train.† Over his 50 year musical career he won many honors and awards for his songs. At the young age of seven, Duke’s musical career was beginning to show its head, his parents placed him into piano lessons. He did not too much care for music at the time and would have rather played sports. He later found out that he did not desire to play the piano, often missing most of his lessons, but later on he would come to realize he loved the instrument. He did not know how to read music or write itShow MoreRelatedThe New Musical Language of The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky895 Words   |  4 Pages2. Listen again to The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky. Describe elements of this piece that helped shape a new musical language for the twentieth- century. Elements of this piece that helped shape a new musical language for thee twentieth – century would consist of Stravinsky experimenting with rhythm and new combinations of instruments. The way he uses dissonance in his pieces as well polyphonic and polytonal textures. His ballets were strongly nationalistic but contained rites of RussiaRead MoreJohn Coltrane1566 Words   |  7 PagesIntro to Music Masterworks Final Paper Jazz music was originally developed by African Americans during the start of the twentieth century. Throughout the semester we have studied the timeline of musical periods including the Romantic and Classical eras of music. Becoming internationally popular in the 1920s, jazz music has been typically described as Americas Classical Music. The musical periods we have discussed in this course have influenced and show a strong relation to jazz musicRead MoreThe Civil War And The End Of Reconstruction1197 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the Civil War, following the Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction, the protection for the rights of African American ended if there was any. Southern States had moved to impose a system of segregation on nearly all areas of life. New laws that required segregation that stirred â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine that disenfranchise African Americans for almost six decades. It is hard in this days and age to be able to imagine segregation as a law, but the remnants just change form andRead MoreAmerica s Original Music Form : The Influence Of Jazz2552 Words   |  11 PagesAmechi Nwandu Mr. Fernando Gomez American Literature 1 April 2015 America’s Original Music Form: The Influence of Jazz The creation of jazz at face value is normally credited to the minorities in the United States, mainly the African Americans, but was modified and adapted to be culturally and socially acceptable to the middle and upper classes of white Americans. While the jazz movement was eventually dominated by the middle class white population in the US, the conception of this music form wasRead More Ragtime Essay examples850 Words   |  4 Pages Ragtime was a very influential part of the development of jazz. Ragtime became very popular in the late 1800’s. Ragtime’s distinct style set it apart from the other genres. Syncopation is what defines this art form. This is when the loud accents fall in between the beats. Anything that is syncopated is basically ragtime. One of the most important ragtime composers was Scott Joplin. Like all great artists, Joplin did not restrict himself to this favored art form. Both before the advent of ragtimeRead MoreMusic During The 1920 S1609 Word s   |  7 Pagesthat were played in the 1920s such as Jazz, which became the most famous type of music during this particular time. In addition, what I’m interested in learning about music in the 1920s is who were some of the most famous singers and songs, how did people dance to the music, and where would people gather to have a good time. I also would like to learn about the person who created and inspired the Jazz music. During the 1920s, African American jazz culture had an amazing influence upon popular cultureRead MoreMusic And The Second World War1666 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is any one particular person to associate with jazz, it would be Scott Joplin, who was noted as the leading rag composer. One of his first pieces, Maple Leaf Rag, was the first and most influential hit of ragtime music. Joplin’s career ended with his death in 1917. As our textbook states, â€Å"Jazz is a major African American performance style that has influenced all 20th century popular music.† Names such as Louis Armstrong, Sippie Wallace, and Duke Ellington can be credited to the huge successRead MoreThe Origins and Development of Electronic Dance Music and Contemporary Nightlife Musical Culture4166 Words   |  17 Pagesthese. The Moog Synthesizer was the most significant and influential synthesizer in the development of Electronic Music. What made this so significant as a synthesizer was the fact that it allowed artists to relate to it like an instrument, an advantage over many of its predecessors, those of which seemed more like machines. This gave new up and coming artists a spark to their creativity, new timbral qualities that could be included in their works. American inventor, Robert Moog developed the MoogRead MoreJazz Influence On America.3049 Words   |  13 PagesResearch Paper: Jazz influence on America Jazz is a genre of music that was first developed by African American within their communities around the late 19th to early 20th century in the United States. Since then, Jazz has gained a lot of respect and grown into a classic. The genre is now well known in music history and has experienced a mass musical development throughout the decades. Jazz was established and evolved alongside such musical categories as blues and popular music, but what changedRead MoreWhite And Black People s Influence On American Culture And Society2445 Words   |  10 PagesThroughout the 1920s and 1930s, a number of demographic, political, and economic changes greatly impacted American culture and society. (Patterson Carney, 2003.) White and black people in America were still segregated and African Americans were treated as inferior (â€Å"BBC - Higher Bitesize History - Race relations between the wars,† n.d.), though they began to fight against discrimination in this period. (â€Å"Jazz Exac erbates Racial Tension,† n.d.) Music both reflected and played a role in the changing

The hope in diminishing the poverty in the Philippines free essay sample

Poverty is the shortage of come or resources necessary for a minimum standard of living in a particular society. 2 In short, poverty is the state of being extremely poor or the shortage of resources necessary for a minimum standard of living in a particular society and who is in need of financial needs. Poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. In the past four decades, the proportion of households living below the official poverty line has declined slowly and unevenly and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries such as China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Economic growth has gone through boom and bust cycles, and recent episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on the poor. Great inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as unmanaged population growth are considered some of the key factors constraining poverty reduction efforts. 3 Poverty is worse in rural areas (with 53% of families below the poverty line) because economic opportunities have been scarce. But the urban poor (who are 23% of urban families) suffer especially from the low quality of life induced by environmental pollution, congestion, and violence. As long as job growth remains higher in urban areas, migration from rural to urban areas will continually reinforce the ranks of the urban poor. Elderly and female headed households do not suffer high rates of poverty in the Philippines in striking contrast to other developing countries because households tend to be extended with multiple income earners. Poverty still remains a challenge because in the past 4 decades, the proportion of households living below the official poverty line has slower poverty reduction and the percentage of households below the poverty line in rural areas are 53% and the percentage of households below the poverty line in urban areas are 23%. In our neighboring countries, which are China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam, we are the slowest of them all and our economic growth has been through boom and bust cycles. It is all because of the economic opportunities have been scarce and job opportunities are limited only. Unmanaged population growth are also the key factors of constraining poverty reduction. The poor everywhere suffer from the declining quality of primary education. In rural areas, access to education and to health is limited severely by poor roads and other physical infrastructure. 4 The poor suffer from declining quality of primary education. Thus, the increasing population of the Philippines is still a problem and many children needs a high quality of education. History of poverty in the Philippines, well as far as I know, when Marcos comes to power in the Philippines, Philippines is the most developed country in South-east Asia. When USA gave independence to the Philippines, they still helped to develop it. Philippines was one of the growing tigers of Asia. But when Marcos declared Martial law, everything went downhill. Investors kept away and devaluation of the Peso. Oil crisis of the 70s also affected this period of time as when US gives support to Israel, the oil producing Arab countries cut down their oil production thus sending a crisis throughout the world. High Inflation and higher commodities prices like now led to protests against Marcos and he himself overspend on the election period in 1969. There is no such thing as exact history of poverty in the Philippines. There are a lot of factors. It can be the centralization of the economy in Manila, Cebu, and Subic/ Clark. Can be the distance and poor infrastructure of the Philippines, can be the corruption that grip the country and hold it to its track. 5 The Philippines was one of the richest country in South-east Asia before the martial law. But when President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, all the investors declined to invest to our country because of the system of President Marcos implemented. Protests and rallies are present in this era and many people got hurt and some died. The economic state of the Philippines in this time was so low that many people experienced poverty. There is a price hike in many items and also in food. Oil crisis is also present in this time and as you can see, Philippines got worse in the time of the declaration of Martial law. An explosion of squatters, in 1948 the government estimated that the squatters in the city numbered about 23,000. In response, President Quirino created a slum clearance committee that developed government land about 8 to 10 kilometers from the city to resettle the squatters. Many of them were resettles in Barrio Bagong Pagasa in Quezon City. Through the 1950s, government tried to further decongest Manila and address the housing shortage by developing a number of housing projects outside the city, principally for government employees. These housing areas continue to be identified by their project numbers to this day, such as project 2 close to the Cubao area, Project 6 in Diliman, and Project 8 along Roosevelt (now Commonwealth) road. Still many resisted the idea of living so far away from the city center. By 1968, government authorities put the number of squatters in the metropolitan area at 767,000. By 1940, the estimate was 1 million, growing to a rate of 12% Meaning that the squatter population doubled every five years. Given that calculation, the squatter population might have numbered about 8 million in the mid-1980s had the emergence of new growth centers outside the metropolis not attracted some people away from the cities. The size of squatter population created a tremendous pressure for housing. The Marcos Government tried to meet the problem head-on. During the 1970s, the ministry of Human Settlements began a low-cost housing program called â€Å"Bagong Lipunan Infrastructure Sites and Services (BLISS). In July 1975, by means of Presidential Decree 757, seven different government agencies and instrumentalities were merged into the National Housing Authority to consolidate all public housing activities. 6 In 1948, the squatters began to explode at 23,000 and the squatters came from the provinces and they don’t have legal houses to live. Now the informal settlers are scattered around the country and sometimes they can be found near the rivers and if there is an open lot, they will find ways to make a house there even if the house is just built with a piece of wood and a roof made of metal. Years later the 23,000 squatter population from 1948 doubled and doubled. Some people who came from the province transferred here to Manila to find jobs. Some of the people who came from provinces had a job and some of it was not able to have a job and instead that they will help the country, they helped the country to become poor. Poor provinces lose their people. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Philippine society was characterized by large scale domestic and external migration. Studies show that the biggest number of migrants, 1. 01 million males and 1. 08 females from 1960 to 1970 alone, were between the ages of 15 and 19. The next largest group of migrants were between ages 20 and 24. The migration pattern reflected economic conditions. From 1960 to 1970, for instance, the economically depressed province of Catanduanes lose a fifth of its population, mostly the young adults, other provinces that lost significant portions. 7 The causes of poverty in the Philippines are the growth of the Philippine population. As in any other developing countries, Philippines population is characterized by a high birth rate and gradually declining mortality rate. International migration, on the other hand, is relatively nil. The growth in population is thus greatly attributed to the natural increase or the excess of birth over deaths. 8 The causes of poverty are low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years, low growth elasticity of poverty reduction, weakness in employment generation and the quality of joos generated, failure to fully develop agricultural sector, high inflations during crisis periods, high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets) which dampen the positive impacts of economic expansion, and economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental poverty. The causes of poverty are the growth of population, high birth rate, gradually declining mortality rate, low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years, low growth elasticity of poverty reduction, weakness in employment generation, and failure to fully develop agricultural sector. These are the causes of poverty and we can see that it is the main cause that affects the Filipino people in making their lives harder. Sometimes these people are the one why they are suffering from this kind of adversity. The effects of poverty are serious. Children who grow up in poverty suffer more persistent, frequent, and severe health problems than do the children who grow up under better financial circumstances. Many infants born into poverty have a low birth weight, which is associated with many preventable mental and physical disabilities. Children raised in poverty tend to miss school more often because of illness. These children also have a much higher rate of accidents than do other children, and they are twice as likely to have impaired vision and hearing, iron deficiency anemia, and higher than normal levels of lead in the blood, which can impair brain function. 10 Children are affected by poverty also because the parents of the children living in poverty cannot afford to give the child full nutrition and sometimes the child in the mother’s womb dies or caused by miscarriages. Hunger, appetite (impulse, drive) for food, often referring also to the mass of uneasy sensations from the gut and particularly from hunger contractions in the stomach, which accompany the appetite also used to describe sexual appetite. 11 The desire or need especially very great, for food. 12 Homelessness, or extreme poverty carries with it a particularly strong set of risks for families, especially children. Compared to children living in poverty but having homes, homeless children are less likely to receive proper nutrition and immunization. Hence, they experience more health problems. Homeless women experience higher rates of low birth weight babies, miscarriages, and infant mortality, probably due to not having access to adequate pre-natal care for their babies. Homeless families experience even greater life stress than other families, including increased disruption in work, school, family relationships, and friendships. 13 As we can see, when we pass by the streets we can see homeless people loitering around and sometimes they are asking for alms. These people have health problems and they have improper nutrition and there are discrepancies between a person living below the poverty line and person living outside the poverty line. The person living below the poverty line doesn’t have educational knowledge while the other person has. Person living below the poverty line is malnourished while the other is fully nourished with nutrients. High population growth, according to Congressman Edcel Lagman said that the population growth rate is too high. At an estimated 95 million, the Philippines is the 12th most populous country among the more than 200 countries in the world. It would increase to 100 million by 2015. There must be more effective methods to reduce our high 1. 9% population growth rate. UP Professor Ernesto Pernia says Thailand has 0. 6% growth rate while Indonesia has 0. 8% growth rate. It’s time to vote on the RH bill he said. 14 Unemployment, poverty reduction has not kept up with GDP growth rates, largely due to high unemployment rate, high inflation rate and wide income inequality. The official rate of unemployment for 2012 in the Philippines was 6. 8%. From 2000 to 2009, the economy of the Philippines grew by 3. 2% on average annually, which was on par with the economic performance of its neighbors. However, this recent growth did not translate into more jobs. Unemployment in the Philippines has been high in comparison to its neighbors, at around 7. 5% to 8. 0% since 2006. 15 Rapid Population Growth, given that the population of the Philippines is increasing at a rapid rate of 2.36% per year, this can be translated as an increase of more than 5,000 people daily in a country that already has an increase of more than four million poor people since 1985. In 1985, the absolute number of people living in poverty was 26. 5 million. This increased to 30. 4 million in 2000 and from 2006 to 2009, increased by almost 970,000 Filipinos from 22. 2 million to 23. 1 million. As the Philippines has financially limited resources and high poverty rate, the rapid increase in population has become a problem because there is insufficient resources to support the population, which leaves much fewer resources to improve the economy. From 2003 to 2006, even though the Philippines experienced above-average economic growth, the poverty incidence increased as a result of its population growth rate. 16 Mr. Michael Orcullo, a social worker of Municipal Social Welfare Office of Cainta and working for almost a year and assigned in special case unit handling different cases like adoption, street children and those cases who are related to children. According to Mr. Orcullo, people can cope poverty through identifying what they have and appreciating their skills and develop their abilities. Mr.Orcullo also told that he can help an individual to reduce the growth of poverty by increasing their skills and abilities through facilitating their skills and giving more information or education. Mr. Orcullo defines poverty in the Philippine context and he said that poverty is when the people are powerless and he also shared something about what act or program do the government implemented and the pogram of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) was the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) or the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or (4Ps) to help the poor people. He also answered how economic crisis affect the poor people and he said that economic crisis can affect the poor people if the demand gets high, the poor people cannot avail the basic needs like clothes, rice, food, transportation etc†¦17 As we can see, some of the people cannot see what the government is doing for the people who are below the poverty line and they can only see all the bad things that they are doing like corruption. The government has this program Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) which helps the poor Filipino people to cope with poverty. The government is giving them cash for them to have a living or to make a business that will suffice their financial needs. The government wanted them to make use of their talents and abilities and improve it. There’s a periodical about the joblessness rate of the Philippines and it is from the Philippine Star. It says that the increase in the SWS joblessness rate in the last quarter of last year from 21. 7 percent in September 2013 to 27. 5 percent in December 2013 was reported to have sparked a full Cabinet meeting that took more than five hours. Last Monday, Economic Planning Secretary Arsi Balisacan called a press conference where he admitted that â€Å"growth is not denting poverty. † High unemployment and poverty incidence, he admitted, will remain a big challenge for the government in the next 10 years or so even amid steady growth. Balisacan didn’t make a big thing of what he called a modest reduction of poverty incidence since 2009 that is declining from 27 to 25 percent. Of course years of bad economic management and even squandered growth opportunities are responsible for our stubborn poverty situation. But past administrations are quick to resort to technicalities to highlight whatever little positive result they can squeeze out from the numbers. Indeed, it would have been easy for Sec Balisacan to say that journalists are being myopic for highlighting the single-quarter increase in joblessness. Arsi could have taken journalists like myself to task for failing to notice that the full-year data reveals a FALL in the SWS average from 2012 to 2013 as Malacanang apologists have always done. Arsi could have even castigated newspaper headline writers for disregarding the fact that the 21.7 was the lowest quarterly percentage ever since December 2011. Averaging over four quarters, the Joblessness percentage of the full year 2013 was 25. 2; this was 3. 6 points below the 28. 8 in the full year 2012. Hooray! 3. 6 points below! But Sec Arsi knew better. He has been in government long enough to realize that journalists look at the big picture when reporting on statistics. We look at the numbers and see a total picture, not the small differences here and there the way social scientists with PhDs would. I have an article about the 4Ps or the â€Å"Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program† from the Manila Bulletin. Butuan City, the Social Welfare Secretary Corazon Juliano-Soliman has given assurances the anti-poverty alleviation program of the Aquino Administration will continue. She was referring to the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or 4Ps, the flagship poverty alleviation program of the government that focuses on the poorest of the poor people, especially those in far-flung village communities. The department is implementing Pantawid Pamilya sets 6 and 7 throughout the country. In the Caraga region alone, registered 4Ps households have already reached 174,101. To date, of the total households, 162,346 are covered by the regular Pantawid Pamilya program while 11,665 are covered by the Modified Conditional Cash Transfer program. â€Å"Magtuloy tuloy itong programa natin, and I ask you (social workers) to step up your good performance. † Said Secretary Soliman before the more than 700 rank –and-file of the DSWD Caraga region 13 led by Regional Director Dr. Mindanao B. Brigoli at Butuan City’s resort, hotel and convention center on Thursday. The DSWD secretary lauded the exemplary performance of the DSWD-13. This poverty alleviation program implemented by the DSWD also benefited 14,184 indigenous people at various ethnic tribes in the Caraga region. Of the total number of households, 73% or 10,309 households belong to the Manobo tribe. 19 So in conclusion, I therefore conclude that poverty in the Philippines is very perceptible because we can easily see people loitering in the streets and sometimes beside the highways. We can see them sitting and asking for alms. Homelessness is the main effect of poverty because when poverty strikes, it will take away all your wealth and also your shelter. In my own definition of poverty, poverty is the state where you can’t buy any basic needs that you need like food, clothes, education, and shelter or it refers to the condition of not having means to afford human needs such as good nutrition, health care, clean water, and a physically fit body. Poverty is the main problem of the Philippines because the percentage of poverty is rising up and the reduction of poverty is so low. The informal settlers are also the problem in this case because some informal settlers are living in creeks and rivers and they are dumping their toxic wastes in the rivers nearby thats why water pollution is happening. The example of this is the Pasig River that is full of toxic wastes made by the informal settlers near the river. They don’t even know what is the proper waste management. The problem to the Filipinos is that they are the one who are doing the wrong things but yet they are the one who gets angry. The government is forcing them to transfer to a safer and cleaner place but yet they don’t want to evacuate and these informal settlers are so hard-headed. I could say that if everyone has a job, non would suffer from hunger because the people has a job to live and to buy their basic needs and their wants. But because of the high unemployment rate, many people suffer from hunger and that’s why poverty is rampant.

Yeah Nothing by Squarehead free essay sample

SQUAREHEAD Yeah Nothing THE RICHTER COLLECTIVE 4.5 rating out of 5.0 Squarehead is a 3-piece band from Dublin with what could be described as distinct sound but one which certainly has its roots in the hot-rod/surfer’s pop-rock era of such bands as the Beach Boys. There is also a slight grunge feel to it and some hints at a ska influence, particularly in the bass-lines. ‘Yeah Nothing’ is the band’s debut album having previously released a few smaller projects, so there will already have been some expectation as to what this album will deliver. However it’s fair to say that this album will easily live up to expectations. It kicks off with ‘Midnight Enchilada’ where you hear all those elements mentioned above come together immediately, very much setting you up for the rest of this 12-track album. It’s the vocals and backing vocals of this song that give it’s surfer rock-like quality and the drums very much follow that patter n as well, it’s really only when the bass guitar comes into the mix with that ska-like groove that you hear why this band’s sound is so special. We will write a custom essay sample on Yeah Nothing by Squarehead or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So having established this sound with Track 1, the band has a foundation which they continue to build on throughout the album, through some little guitar licks, riffs and solos, most noticeably in ‘Axes of Love’, ‘Fear your Face’ and ‘The Abandoned Sea’. This is essentially a pop-rock band but that’s not to say the Dublin trio don’t have a little bit of fire in their bellies. ‘Circle’, which is Track 11 on the album, is a prime example of this, particularly in the slightly cracked vocals in the chorus. They maintain that original sound that they had before, but that little feature gives this track a nice little edge. Let’s face it, bands have always either tried to revive or at least to incorporate elements of older genres of music in the creation of their own original style, but Squarehead is a band that does it very naturally and very effectively. A lot of students even today would still listen to bands like The Beach Boys and the Kinks ,but Squarehead have added something a little bit different to that sound and they’ve very much made it their own. They’re young, they have a huge amount potential and I’m sure they have a very bright future ahead of them!

Life Spans Development And Learning Children And Young People Essay Essays

Life Spans Development And Learning Children And Young People Essay Essays Life Spans Development And Learning Children And Young People Essay Essay Life Spans Development And Learning Children And Young People Essay Essay In this article Time is best gift for childs at Christmas, says experts author, Beck Vass introduces grounds for grownups to pass clip with kids. Vass advises parents to non purchase expensive playthings but to merely pass clip with household. Children do non retrieve the nowadayss they received when they were eight old ages old but they will retrieve they clip they spent with their household on vacation. Children need a supportive environment ; they need clip with parents to construct a relationship and trust. Time together as a household will be good for all members of the household. Beck suggests that the usage of electronic amusement is non necessary in kid s development and kids s imaginativeness is a large portion of acquisition and should be encouraged. Vass advises parents to pass more clip with their kids as it is better for their development instead than purchasing them expensive playthings at Christmas. Vass interviewed registered clinical psychologist, Megan Fowler, who suggests grownups put a batch of force per unit area on themselves to supply certain things nevertheless maintaining it simple is the best manner. Fowler recommends that parents can pass clip with kids without playthings and suggests that it is the quality of clip which is required. This article writes childs do nt be given to retrieve the present they got when they were 8, but they might retrieve the vacation they had with the household at the beach or the clip they went bivouacing . Famed psychoanalytic theoretician Sigmund Freud focussed on kids s development being greatly formed by early experiences in the household ( Sigelman A ; Rider, 2009 ) . Freud focussed on the nature side of the nature-nurture statement in his theories, nevertheless Freud viewed e arly experiences in an person s life as a big subscriber to their personality. Inspired by Freud s theories, Erik Erikson the neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theoretician believed that the health professional s general reactivity was critical to subsequently development. If health professionals neglect, reject, or react inconsistently to babies, babies will distrust others ( Sigelman A ; Rider, 2009 ) . Children need a supportive environment, they need clip with parents to construct a relationship and trust. This will determine their personality and features into the grownup they will go with good relationships and strong trust. In the usage of encephalon imagination engineering, Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography ( SPECT ) , which explores how encephalon map relates to behaviour, merely about one in 25 encephalons is absolutely normal. An unnatural encephalon could be caused by a figure of factors including physical and emotional disregard can do or lend to encephalon abnormalcies, including ADHD ( Jacobelli A ; Watson, 2008 ) . Vass encourages parents to give kids the physical and emotional support they require. This is to guarantee their development is non affected in a negative manner by non holding the physically and emotionally supportive environment kids require. Vass suggests that clip with household will be good for all members of the household. Kathryn Geldard A ; David Geldard write in Counselling Children about household boundaries and how they are by and large transmitted from coevals to coevals. They describe disengaged households as unsociable with small communicating whereas enmeshed households live in a more community life style with household and friends being often involved in their lives. This allows kids to larn how to portion better, how to compromise and to construct trust. ( Geldard A ; Geldard, 2002 ) . This would besides promote the kid to depend on more than merely their parents entirely. This is healthy for the kid as they will develop a trust on others than merely their parents entirely. This will promote kids as they grow up to do friends, socialise good in big groups and this would be good for when they are older in working life. Spending clip with household additions your communicating accomplishments to each other, because you know each other, this is making your relationship. It is of import to make this relationship and cognize each household member in order to hold a well pass oning household, this is particularly of import when the kid is younger in order to hold the relationship already built for when they are traveling through ambitious teenage old ages. In this article Toyworld purchaser Repeka Haurua advised household games and out-of-door playthings could non be substituted by electronics. Children of today are being exposed to many electronic devices such as telecasting, cyberspace and games. Electronic amusement has no benefit for kids under the age of two and for older pre-schoolers ; it has been proven that educational telecasting can perchance make more injury than good. For illustration, kids who watched Dora the Explorer or Blue s Hints at age two and a half had better linguistic communication accomplishments than those who watched Teletubbies who had worse linguistic communication accomplishments than norm ( Aamodt A ; Wang, 2011 ) . Beck suggests that the usage of electronic amusement is non necessary in kid s development, censoring electronic amusement wholly could be damaging as you are seting kids at the hazard of a societal disadvantage such as strong-arming from equals but besides deficiency of experience with compu ting machines which could take to professional troubles subsequently on. Enforcing clip bounds on electronic amusement could be a scheme which may work for households nevertheless when the kids are on down clip this is a good clip for parental interaction. Haurua is right in believing that household games and out-of-door playthings can non be substituted nevertheless these are of import for kids during their schooling old ages to help their accomplishments in information engineering develop. Parents need to utilize their discretion when it comes to computing machines. Computers are here to remain nevertheless they should non devour all of kids s clip. A kid should utilize no more than 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours whilst at place, this is adequate to fit the kid with calculating accomplishments without over-exposing him to the cyber universe ( Dr Nithy, 2010 ) . Haurua mentioned that a kid can non sit in a corner with no friends, with their iPad. Haurua is accurate with this statement that if a kid was given this chance over and over they could go accustomed to sitting in the corner by themselves and this would consume their societal accomplishment set every bit good as disjoint them from their equals nevertheless, if their equals besides had iPads and the kid did non, this state of affairs could bring forth the same negative consequences so it depends on the child place at the clip. If Haurua is merely speaking to relation to clip at place this is right in proposing that it is no benefit for kids. Haurua provinces that five twelvemonth olds will ever desire Lego and the latest amusing books and trading cards this is most likely because they have seen other kids at pre-school with these points. Some of the gifts thoughts in the article are described as open-ended and inventive points such as pigments, pens and paper, dress-ups for fanciful drama, board games and balloons. Playing with imaginativeness heightening points such as these helps kids s personality, ethical motives and values develop and besides help them to larn. This is the same in the schoolroom ; kids learn when they see the information, hear the information, understand the information and eventually conceive of, visualise and experience the information ( Dr Nithy, 2010 ) . Children s imaginativeness is a large portion of acquisition and should be encouraged. This article concludes grounds for grownups to pass clip with their kids and advertises it as a cheaper option to purchasing disbursal electronic amusement devices. The article suggests that it is more good to all members of the household, non merely the kids. It becomes clear when lending factors such as Freud and Erikson s theories suggest that is contributes positive stimulation which aids the development of kids s societal accomplishments. These accomplishments will profit kids subsequently in their life in societal scenes within the work force. It proposes that inexpensive playthings are an alternate and more good than expensive points, but this depends on the state of affairs in which the kid is put in. Children should hold entree to some information engineering to increase their computer science accomplishments which will profit them subsequently in life as it will go 2nd nature. This article encourages parents to pass quality clip with their kids to let their societal accompl ishments to beef up and allow them to be ready for societal challenges they may be faced with in their hereafter. Mentions Cited Aamodt, S. , A ; Wang, S. ( 2011 ) . Welcome to your kid s encephalon. New York: Bloomsbury USA. Dr Nithy, T. ( 2010 ) . Your kid your mastermind. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. Duffy, B. ( 2006 ) . Supporting Creativity and Imagination in the Early Old ages. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education. Geldard, K. , A ; Geldard, D. ( 2002 ) . Reding Children. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Jacobelli, F. , A ; Watson, L. A. ( 2008 ) . ADD/ADHD Drug Free. New York: Amacom. Meggitt, C. ( 2012 ) . Understand kid development. London: Hodder Education. Sigelman, C. K. , A ; Rider, E. A. ( 2009 ) . Life-Span Human Development, ( 7th ed. ) . Belmont, CA. : Wadsworth, Cenage Learning. Beginnings Annotated Aamodt, S. , A ; Wang, S. ( 2011 ) . Welcome to your kid s encephalon. New York: Bloomsbury USA. 1. Sandra Aamodt, PH.D, A received her undergraduate grade in biophysics from Johns Hopkins University and her Ph.D. in neuroscience from the University of Rochester. She is the former editor in head ofA Nature Neuroscience, the taking scientific diary in the field of encephalon research. During her calling, she has read over 5000 neuroscience documents, given talks at many universities, and attended over 40 scientific meetings in 10 states. Her scientific discipline authorship has been published in theA New York Times, A Washington Post, A El MundoA and theA London Times. Sam Wang, PH.D. , attended theA California Institute of TechnologyA and graduated in 1986 with a B.S. in natural philosophies with honours at the age of 19, doing him the youngest member of his graduating category. Wang went on to gain a Ph.D. in neuroscience atA Stanford University. Wang is an associate professor of neuroscience at Princeton University. He has published over 50 articles on the encephalon in taking scientific diaries and has received legion telecasting and wireless visual aspects. Aamodt and Wang s first book, A Welcome To Your Brain: Why You Lose Your Car Keys But Never Forget How To Drive, was a best-seller. It was named 2009 Young Adult Science Book of the Year by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and has been translated into more than 20 linguistic communications. Their 2nd book ( this book ) , A Welcome To Your Child s Brain: How The Mind Develops From Conception To College, will be translated into 16 linguistic communications. Aamodt and Wang have successfully presented existent informations in a manner which the reader can understand and set into practise. They discuss every twenty-four hours experiences and how it can impact kid development. Dr Nithy, T. ( 2010 ) . Your kid your mastermind. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. 2. Dr Theva Nithy is a lector with the School of Educational Studies at University Sains Malaysia. Dr Nithy is a Malayan neuroscientist and instruction specializer, who focusses on memory and larning systems. Dr Nithy is presently involved in constructing a Corporate Intelligence engine that will tackle the power of Artificial Intelligence, Data Mining, Knowledge Management and Federated Searches, among others, to do sense of informations and present it as cognition. Dr Nithy could hold given more real-life illustrations in the book which would help parents in understanding kid development better. Because the book had spelling errors it took away the credibleness of the research. Duffy, B. ( 2006 ) . Supporting Creativity and Imagination in the Early Old ages. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education. 3. Bernadette Duffy is Head of the Thomas Coram Early Childhood Centre. Duffy originally trained as an early old ages instructor and has worked in a assortment of early old ages scenes. She is Vice-Chair of the British Association for Early Childhood Education and was portion of the Working Group for the Birth to Three Matters Project, every bit good as of the QCA Foundation Stage working party which devised the Guidance for the Foundation Stage. Duffy was made and OBE in 2005. Duffy s book Supporting Creativity and Imagination in the Early Years was published in 2006 and has contributed to a scope of publications and is the writer of Supporting Creativity and Imagination in the Early Old ages published by the Open University Press. She is co-editor with Dame Gillian Pugh ofA Contemporary Issues in the Early YearsA published by Sage. Bernadette is a talker on a broad scope of Early Old ages issues in this state and abroad. Bernadette has done some good research on the history of imaginativeness for this book. I found it to be somewhat alternate nevertheless this can be expected when reading about imaginativeness. This book is different to other books about kid development as it focusses on what non to make instead than what to make. Geldard, K. , A ; Geldard, D. ( 2002 ) . Reding Children. London: Sage Publications Ltd. 4. Dr Kathryn Geldard, A Ph.D. , A M.Couns. , Dip.O.T. , MAAOT is an Accessory Senior LecturerA in Counselling in the Faculty of Arts and Business at the University of the Sunshine Coast. PreviouslyA she was Senior Lecturer and plan leaderA at USC. Earlier she worked as a full clip lector in the School of Psychology and Counselling at the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia. Earlier working as an academic she was in private pattern as a Child and Family Therapist and besides worked at the Child and Youth Mental Health Service in Queensland as a Psychotherapist. KathrynA carried out research on Adolescent Peer Counselling to derive her PhD, hasA a Masters Degree in Counselling, A andA isA a registeredA Occupational Therapist. She worked and trained in the United States and in Australia to work with kids and striplings psychotherapeutically. David Geldard, A BSc, DipPsych, MASA, worked for many old ages as a Counselling Psychologist utilizing and advancing an int egrative guidance attack for working with kids, grownups, and households. His peculiar involvement was in preparation counselors to work with emotionally and behaviourally disturbed kids and adolescents.A Jacobelli, F. , A ; Watson, L. A. ( 2008 ) . ADD/ADHD Drug Free. New York: Amacom. 5. Frank Jacobelli, MSW, LCSW. Frank has been a healer since 1988, working alongside his married woman Lynn Ann Watson, with grownups, childs and households. Frank has treated both kids and grownups in a assortment of clinical scenes including inpatient psychiatric, private pattern, and community mental wellness. Since 1994, Jacobelli has served as a Clinical Coordinator for Enki Health and Research Systems, Inc. in Northern California. Lynn Ann Watson has been an early-learning instruction manager, multiple-subject instructor, particular pedagogue, special-education decision maker, and resource specializer. This brace have put old ages of their ain personal experience into this book. They give illustrations on real-life experiences which makes it easy for the reader to associate with. Meggitt, C. ( 2012 ) . Understand kid development. London: Hodder Education. 6. Carolyn Meggitt studied sociology and psychological science at university followed by a calling in nursing. After 10 old ages as a nurse every bit good as being a practicing accoucheuse, Carolyn began learning. Carolyn has been composing books on kid wellness and development for many old ages. Carolyn has a passion for assisting equip child care workers with the cognition and apprehension required to look after kids. Carolyn has good points in this book in relation to child s development as she focusses on researching the plants of theoreticians such as Piaget, Freud, Erikson and Bowlby. This book gives you a practical apprehension of the topic and illustrations to endorse up cardinal points.

Collective Bargaining Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Collective Bargaining - Assignment Example Not only do the Unions concentrate on the working conditions of an employee but also create a sense of connectedness and solidarity to an employee while at the same time help to solve crucial organizational problems by educating their members and help reduce the problem of rational ignorance and hence stand on behalf of each of their members. Analysis In the United States, Labor unions have been in existence from the early the days of the republic, although; by then they were just local craft unions. Craft unions are unions with few members who mainly work in the same skilled occupation of a specified area. They are these types of Unions that existed in the United States until the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) when stronger and more powerful Unions came into existence. Amongst the big Unions that emerged in the United States are; Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industry Organization (Toke & Za?ris, 2008). The Knights of labor was officially founded i n 1867 by Uriah Stephens and unlike the craft Unions that existed then, it was one big union that included all workers irrespective of the kind of work one did. It did not mind whether one was skilled or unskilled, neither the race nor national origin mattered. It had a place for members of all kind and these made it attain membership of about 700000 by the year 1886. Some of its strikes and collective bargaining led to wage increment to its members (DTI, 2001). Success to this collective bargaining tactics meant that even its member’s relation to that of its employers was good and in return the workers did put more effort in production. Although it brought success and nourished in collective bargaining of its members and created significance progress in labor relations, it created a bad reputation for itself when seven policemen and one civilian died in one of its riots in Haymarket, Chicago where it was held responsible and blamed for the deaths and hence lost its reputatio n. American Federation of labor was founded by Samuel Gompers in the year 1886, he was a cigar maker. This was not really a union as such but an association of the existing craft unions where the craft unions still maintained their identity within the association. To be a member of a craft union, one had to be skilled in a particular trade of that particular craft union to join the federation through the craft union. It mainly concentrated on economic issues such as better working conditions, higher wages and shorter working hours. Although it had no place for the unskilled worker, its success progressed to a level where it had about four million members in its name by the year 1920. Since it brought people of the same skills together, this was an advantage to the employer too. Better skills could be nourished and attained to the advantage of the employer (Toke & Za?ris, 2008). Since the American federation of labor excluded unskilled workers, there emerged Committee for Industrial Organization which later changed to Congress of Industry Organization. It was founded between 1935 and 1938 by John. L. Lewis who deserted from American Federation of Labor. Its agenda was to find vertical unions within industries and include all its workers regardless of the job they performed within the union. These led to stiff competition for members amongst the unions and eventually CIO and AFL merged in 1955 to form AFL-CIO since they were all now recruiting all types of workers, skilled

Outlining and Identifying the Characteristics of the Flora and Fauna Essay

Outlining and Identifying the Characteristics of the Flora and Fauna - Essay Example Gaines, and S.D. 2007). Each organism found in this habitat has a different adaptation to increase survival levels in environments with harsh extremes. A rocky shore can typically be separated into different zones each zone has a wealth of species that inhabit it. The splash zone, which is also the spray zone, usually occurs above the spring high tide line. The organisms here have adaptations to cope with high exposure to air and different temperature extremes due to different seasonal fluctuations. The intertidal zone can be split into three different sections the high intertidal area, the low intertidal region and the middle intertidal. The high intertidal zone is mainly hit with the highest of tides. The middle intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The low intertidal zone borders the shallow sub tidal zone and is primary marine in character. Shores with vertical zonation are similar globally. Zonation zones are classified by the different exposure le vels to waves and also by the organisms that occur in these areas. Many a biotic factors may influence the result of a comparative survey of rocky shore biota. The geological factors such as the surface texture of surrounding rocks may influence the organisms found as they may need to be adapted to attach to the surface (Kitching, J.A. Little, C. 1996).

Number of Microorganisms and Level of Spoilage Relationship

Number of Microorganisms and Level of Spoilage Relationship 1.0Â  Materials and Method 1.1Â  Chemicals 50 g of dried powder of curcumin will be extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with 500 mL of 95% ethanol. The process will be done until the solvent is colourless. The extract then will be filtered and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The dried ethanolic extract will be stored for further usage. A stock solution of curcumin will be prepared by dissolving 10 mg of dried ethanolic extract in 10mL of ethanol (50%) to give a concentration of 1 mg/mL. All chemicals that will be used are reagent grade (will be supplied by Merck, Sigma, of Fluka) and will be used as supplied. 1.2Â  Methods 1.2.1Â  Preparation of Bacterial Cellulose Membrane Acetobacter xylinum culture will be cultivated using a Herstin-Schramm nutrient (HS) medium that consists of glucose (2 w/v%), yeast extract (0.5 w/v%), bacto-pepton (0.5 w/v%), citric acid (0.115 w/v%), Na2HPO4 (0.27 w/v%), MgSO4_7H2O (0.05 w/v%) and ethanol (1 v%) which will be added after the base has been sterilised. The culture will be cultivated in stationary conditions. The HS medium will be filled in 300 cm3 conic flasks. The bacterial breeding process will be conducted in a period of seven days at 30oC, which inoculums will be grafted at approximately 4 w% in relation to the HS medium. Glucose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, xylose and mannitol will be used as carbon sources in the biosynthesis process of bacterial cellulose. The membrane of the bacterial cellulose will be treated with NaOH (approximately 5% concentration) for 60 minutes and a temperature of 100oC so that bacterial cells can be removed and substrate from the inner layers of the bacterial cellulose film. The bacterial cells will then be rinsed with tap water until it achieves a neutral condition at around pH 7.0. To prepare the membrane sheet, 10 g of the bacterial cellulose will be blended until it is homogenous. Then, it will be casted onto the glass plate and pressed. The membrane is to be left overnight for 12 hours, and will be dried at 60 oC. The membrane sheet is to be stored away. 1.2.2Â  Immobilization of Natural Dye on Bacterial Cellulose Membrane The natural dye will be immobilized onto the bacterial cellulose membrane using absorption method. The membrane sheet will be immersed into 10 mL of curcumin stock solution (1 mg/mL) at ambient temperature for 12 hours. Then, the curcumin/cellulose membrane will be rinsed with tap water to ensure that unbound indicator within the membrane will be removed. The curcumin/cellulose membrane will be dried using an electrical drier. Finally, the curcumin/cellulose membrane will be cut into shapes according to the design of on-package sticker sensor (Figure 1). Figure 1:The design of the sticker sensor based on curcumin/cellulose membrane for broiler chicken cuts’ freshness with colour indication for fresh, medium (need to be consumed in hours) and not fresh (spoilage, do not consume). 1.2.3Â  Preparation of Broiler Chicken Cut Samples In this study, a fresh boiler chicken of normal pH (5.5-5.6) will be used. The chicken will be cut into a 100 g and 50 g portions for microbiological and sensory analysis respectively. Each portion will be placed in a low-density polyethylene plastic film (0.9 g/cm3) which will be put on plastic trays. Then, the samples will be stored in a low-temperature incubator (4-0.2 oC) and in room temperature. The temperature of the samples will be observed throughout the entire storage period with electronic temperature recording devices. Four sample packages of the chicken cut product will be taken at appropriate time samples from each storage temperature. They will be analysed for microbial growth, pH and sensory characteristics such as colour and odour. The test will be repeated for three times for each sample to increase the accuracy of the result. This means that 12 determinations in total will be taken per test condition. Then, the average value of the three determinations will be used per sample for the statistical analysis. 1.2.4Â  Microbiological Analysis Samples of chicken cuts will be weighed for 25 g each. Then, they will be added to quarter strength Ringer’s solution (225 mL) and will be homogenized in a stomacher for 60 seconds at room temperature. Decimal serial dilutions in quarter strength Ringer’s solution will then be prepared, 1 mL of 0.1 mL samples of appropriate dilutions will be spread on the surface of appropriate media in petri dishes to count (a) total aerobic viable count (TVC) on plate count agar; incubated at 25oC for 72 hours, and (b) Pseudomonas spp. on cetrimide-fucidin-cephaloridine (CFC) agar; incubated at 25oC for 48 hours. Both plates will be examined to observe typical colony types and morphological characteristics that were associated with each growth medium. Furthermore, the selectivity of each medium will be monitored regularly by Gram staining. Smears that will be prepared from randomly selected colonies from both media will also be examined using microscopic examination 1.2.5Â  Measurement of pH and VA in Broiler Chicken Cut Samples The glass electrode of a pH meter will be immersed in the homogenate of chicken meat to record the pH values at the end of microbiological analysis. Perchloric acid extracts will be taken from the chicken meat samples for analysis of TVBN levels. All the chicken meat samples will be rinsed thoroughly with tap water. The chicken meat will then skinned and minced through a meat grinder with 4 mm holes, three times. 10 g of chicken meat sample will be blended with 90 mL of PCA 6%. 50 mL of the filtrate is to be made alkaline using hydroxide 20% and distilled water for a period of 10 minutes in a 2100 Kjeltec Distillation Unit. The process will be repeated three times. 1.2.6Â  Sensory Analysis Sensory evaluation of chicken cut samples will be performed by a five-member (staff from the laboratory) sensory panel. It will be performed during storage to both chicken cut samples under chiller and room conditions. The same persons will be used in each evaluation session, but they will not know the age and temperature history of the product being tested. The evaluation will be carried out under artificial light, and the temperature of the product will be of the ambient temperature. When evaluating the product, special attention will be given to the colour, texture and odour of the chicken meat. The texture of the chicken meat will be measured by a texture meter while the odour will be judged and recorded in appropriate forms with descriptive terms, showing the organoleptic evolution of quality deterioration. A simple three-point scoring system will be used. Each characteristic will be scored on a continuous 0 to 3 hedonic scale, with 0 being the highest quality score, 1 for the a cceptable product, 2 as the limit of product acceptance or rejection point and 3 is the unacceptable chicken cut sample. 1.2.7Â  Measurement of the Visual Sticker Sensor Response The sticker sensor is made of natural dye of curcumin immobilised on bacterial cellulose and designed as in Figure 1. The sticker sensor will be placed on the packaging of the chicken cut samples, with direct contact to the atmosphere in the package through a hole that attached to the sensor. Then, the chicken cut packages will be stored at chiller and room temperature in order to assess the applicability of the developed sticker sensor to observe the spoilage process of the product. The irreversible colour change of the sensor from the initial yellow to reddish orange will be used as the measurable response of change. The kinetics of colour change of the sticker sensor will be evaluated by a hand-held colorimeter to determine the CIE colour space coordinates. 2.0Â  Expected Results The objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between the number of microorganisms and level of spoilage, and also to develop an indicator to monitor the freshness of chicken. A few tests will be carried out, including microbiological analysis, pH and TVBN analysis, sensory analysis, as well as the response of the developed sticker sensor. The expected results for this experiment are: When the number of microorganism increase, the level of spoilage is higher. The pH and TVBN levels increase when the level of spoilage is higher. The sensory score will increase as the level of spoilage increase. The developed sticker sensor will remain the original colour yellow when the chicken cuts is fresh, orange when the product should be consumed in a few hours, reddish orange when the product is spoiled. 3.0Â  Abstract A few studies have shown that as the level of microbial growth increase, the level of spoilage also increase. The main objective of this study is to develop a sensor to indicate the level of spoilage that can be seen using our naked eye. The smart packaging that was invented really helped the consumers to judge the freshness of raw materials. There are a few indicator of meat freshness that has been studied, such as colour-based pH indicators and volatile compounds indicator. Examples of indicators are methyl red, natural dye of curcumin and colorimetric sensors array using e-nose. A sticker sensor will be developed using natural dye curcumin immobilized on bacterial cellulose. A few tests will be done, that are microbiological analysis, pH and TVBN analysis, sensory analysis, and the response of the developed sticker sensor to meet the goals of this study. The expected result will be the number of microorganism, pH and TVBN levels and sensory score will increase when the level of sp oilage increase. The sticker sensor will turn colour from yellow, to orange, and finally reddish orange indicating fresh, not really fresh and spoiled respectively.

The Pardons of Purgatory Essay -- Literary Analysis, Dante

Freedom is the ability one has to choose. Freedom is without consequence, fear of transgression, and lacks regret. Freedom is a fork in the road—a trail that leads to fortune in a field of traps. Humans have freedom and hold it as children do crayons, straying beyond the lines of purpose only to get lost in meaningless scribbles. Dante condemns these actions in his poem Purgatory. Dante invents a fictitious location in afterlife, liberating souls that have become prisoners of their own disarray. With a collection of paradoxes, vivid imagery, and active examples, Dante establishes a thorough process in which souls can be cleansed of the past and stride to their future. Purgatory is far from a place of punishment; it is rather a place of liberation; individuals can only obtain ultimate freedom if cleansed of their sins. Deceived perspective and impaired logic lure vulnerable individuals to frolic in the meadows of sin; therefore, in order to achieve ultimate freedom, one must first be stripped clean of all earthly and common expectations. Dante contorts Earth from a palace to a prison. Bound in earthly limitations, man â€Å"by his own fault† (Dante 307) engenders â€Å"grief and toil† (Dante 307) causing the â€Å"the winds of earth and sea to rise† (Dante 307). Men adhere to addictive habits ignorant of God’s presence on earth. By contrast, purgatory cuts men’s binds to these traps through punishment, enlightening individuals to their mistake. These conversions prompt â€Å"singing† (Dante 109) not moaning—as one would expect during punishment—and as the cleansed souls free themselves of their burdens of sin, their climb â€Å"up the sacred stairs†(Dante 133) seems â€Å"lighter†(Dante 133) and â€Å"easier by far† (Da nte 133). Dante uses these paradoxe... ...ppy† (Dante 329) when yielding himself to power of divine grace. Unless individuals willing concede and move forward to convert themselves to the purpose of a higher plan, they will wander aimlessly alone with no guidance or hope of liberation. Habits are broken in a series of steps. If followed, one will undoubtedly achieve a freedom, allowing him to pursue the courses of his desires. The process to ultimate freedom does not revoke a man’s appetite, but rather corrects it. The consequence of sin is not happiness. Sin leads only to regret and misery. True desires are those that bring fulfillment, success, and bliss. The plan of divine grace only leads individuals to a life free of unnecessary pain. When men become lords of them self by taming wild desires and consciously consenting to the plan of divine grace, he will live the life of ultimate freedom.

Blood Bank Management

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a blood management information system to assist in the management of blood donor records and ease/or control the distribution of blood in various parts of the country basing on the hospital demands. Without quick and timely access to donor records, creating market strategies for blood donation, lobbying and sensitization of blood donors becomes very difficult. The blood management information system offers functionalities to quick access to donor records collected from various parts of the country.It enables monitoring of the results and performance of the blood donation activity such that relevant and measurable objectives of the organization can be checked. It provides to management timely, confidential and secure medical reports that facilitates planning and decision making and hence improved medical service delivery. The reports generated by the system give answers to most of the challenges management faces as far as blood donor r ecords are concerned. Chapter 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background to the StudyBlood Donor Recruitment (BDR) is the process of drawing blood from a voluntary Blood Donor (BD) for future blood transfusion, Wikipedia (2006). In Uganda, blood collection, safety and management is an activity that is carried out by Uganda Red Cross Society (URCS) in partnership with Uganda Blood Transfusion (UBTS). Founded in 1939, URCS is part of the world wide Red Cross Humanitarian Movement whose mission is to mobilize the power of humanity for improving the lives of the vulnerable in Uganda, Muller (2001).URCS fulfills this mission while adhering to the principles of impartiality, neutrality, independence, unity, universality and voluntary service for the Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement. It operates throughout Uganda with 45 branch offices. Besides providing adequate supply of blood for transfusion, URCS is involved in the first aid services, road safety, tracing, disaster mitigation/preparedness, mob ilization for routine immunization, HIV homecare, youth empowerment and Community based HealthCare (CBHC).URCS had a manual system using paper cards to recruit BDs, collect/keep blood donor records and disseminate results to BDs who are scattered throughout the country. The paper card system (PCS) used to specifically capture personal data and medical history of the BDs. This information would be used in identifying/locating existing BDs, carrying out pre- donation counseling and taking blood results. Unauthorized persons however, easily accessed the paper system and hence making it impossible to keep secrecy and confidentiality expected of medical records.The security of the medical records was also not inadequate as any person could easily access them. Lukande (2003), states that such a system is time consuming, prone to errors of entry and analysis resulting from the fatigue of the users. The PCS at URCS had lead to accumulation of physical paper cards due to increasing number of blood donors, a situation that frustrated the system users because of the delays and at times failure to access historical records. The safe blood policy was lacking at URCS because the PCS could not cater for the key attributes of the policy.Gerard (2002), states that the main principles upon which the safe blood policy is based on are the informed consent, confidentiality and secrecy of the BDs. The Ethiopian Red Cross Society publication, Development in the 1990 states that information from blood donors should be completely confidential and if this is not assured, names of the blood donors should not be recorded at all and/or an alternative record identification should be used. Full implementation of the safe blood policy has called the use of information technology (IT) in providing working solution to the identified challenges.The associated problems with the PCS included delays in accessing historical records, inconsistencies and errors in data entry that stem right from acqu isition of data from the blood donors because the exercise is of routine nature and very tedious to the system users. The automation of the system using modern IT has improved the quality of service. Secondly, with the use of IT, now relevant and timely blood donor reports can easily be generated and hence facilitating planning and decision-making.Scolamiero (2000), recommends blood donor services automated information system as a solution to routinely collected, accurate and readily available information in blood transfusion services. It is also important to note that the impact of information technology on organizations is increasing as new technologies evolve and existing ones expand. According to Clifton (1995), nearly all business executives say that information technology is vital to their business and that they use IT extensively.Certainly business executives main concern is planning, coordination and decision-making, therefore, the role of IT in enhancing management of blood donor records is of major importance. In all, the computerization of blood donor PCS at URCS came at the ripe time given the background to the situation. This is more so because the demand for safe blood in Uganda has increased due to soaring increase in total population. Therefore, modern means to manage the PCS using IT had to take route. 1. 3 General ObjectiveThe main objective of the study was to create electronic blood donor management information system in order to assist in the management of blood donor records, planning and share information in a more confidential, convenient and secure way using modern technology. [pic] 1. 3. 1 Specific Objectives To conduct a study on blood donor management To design an electronic blood donor management system To validate the design using a prototype 1. 4 Scope The study geographically limited itself at the URCS blood donation/collection centers.It focused more on the acquisition, distribution and management of blood units for BDR activit ies. The study specially emphasized the creation and implementation of an electronic management information system that automated blood donor data acquisition and dissemination of results. This in turn will ease and speeds up the planning, decision-making process because of the timely, secure, confidential and reliable reports. 1. 5 Significance of the Study This study is important to URCS and the blood donors because it aimed at addressing problems of security, secrecy and confidentiality of blood donor records.It also strived to check the delays, errors, inconsistencies in medical records and timely access to historical records all of which had far fetched impact on planning and decision-making. The study resulted into the following benefits: It has eased the control and distribution of blood in various parts of the country basing on the hospital demands. URCS can now create market strategies for blood donation, lobbying and sensitization of the blood donors. Automated data acquis ition and quick access to medical records by the legal users of the system will be assured. [pic]It has eased the monitoring of the results and performance of the blood donation activity and hence relevant and measurable objectives of URCS are checked. It will continue to improve on the planning and decision-making process by providing to management timely, secure and confidential medical reports related to blood donation. It will also improve medical service delivery due to timely and easy generation of management reports by the relevant entities. The study will benefit the URCS management, who will find it easy to strategically plan, coordinate and take decisions concerning BDR activities.URCS counsellors on the other hand will be able to keep confidentiality of the donor’s results and disseminate blood results to donors with ease. Meanwhile that is the case, the automation of the data collection process will simplify the work of the data clerks. Equally important, the bloo d donormmobilizes will be have strong grounds for laying sensitization strategies between regions thatmyield more blood units and those with less. The study also has formed further environment of knowledge for students who may wish to take research in blood donor management. 2. Blood Donor Systems: Challenges and Successes The blood donation service involve a series of interdependent operations such as donor registration, donor screening/evaluation, blood collection, blood screening, inventory management and blood dissemination. Most of the popular existing blood information systems in the western world today are mainly online systems. The systems interfaces do not meet fully the blood safe policy described in this study and as such not suitable for illiterate population. Most blood donors in Uganda are rural based where online systems ay not be the best. The level of computer literate among the blood donors in Uganda is growing because the majority of them are school students. The main challenge remains customizing interfaces that are suitable for capturing basic donor information. Some of the attributes on the interfaces used in the western world such as state and province are not applicable in Uganda. Tripura blood donor information system is a good example of the blood donorsystem that is not suitable for Uganda. Also some key attributes such as age and sessions in [pic]Uganda are lacking on most the interfaces viewed. The interfaces also are not user-friendly as there are many links within the system that can easily confuse the system users and hence leading to data entry errors and boredom. At the Macau blood Transfusion Centre, system Integrado de Bancos de Sangue (SIBAS) works as its solution of computerized blood bank information system. SIBAS complies with the client/server infrastructure, as does its client, and provides an integrated environment for those isolated but interdependent operation in the blood center.With the introduction of the SIBAS t he blood service at Macau has been enhance in the following aspect. Operational efficiency- the processing time has been shortened in that blood donors need not fill in many regular items. On the other hand, the steps for donor cards are under full control and hence leading to donor satisfaction and confidence. There is also improved information consistency and validity. The Indian case study of Prathma Blood Center, Gupta (2004), promises insights into the integration of IS/IT in management of blood records.The Prathma Blood Center is a quest for modernizing blood banking. The entire function from blood donation to its testing and separation, storage, issue and usage have been integrated through a custom designed enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that minimizes human intervention and making it less error prone. The implementation of ERP in blood bank in India has registered many successes in medical data such as security, confidentiality, secrecy and quick retrieval of hi storical records all of which were challenges at URCS blood center.However, full automation of all blood donation activities like the case cannot be done in Uganda due to limited resources. It requires transition, as it is resource constraining in terms of IT, other equipments and human resources. 2. 3 Blood Donor Systems: Challenges and Successes The blood donation service involve a series of interdependent operations such as donor registration, donor screening/evaluation, blood collection, blood screening, inventory management and blood dissemination. Most of the popular existing blood information systems in the western world today are mainly online systems.The systems interfaces do not meet fully the blood safe policy described in this study and as such not suitable for illiterate population. Most blood donors in Uganda are rural based where online systems may not be the best. The level of computer literate among the blood donors in Uganda is growing because the majority of them are school students. The main challenge remains customizing interfaces that are suitable for capturing basic donor information. Some of the attributes on the interfaces used in the western world such as state and province are not applicable in Uganda.Tripura blood donor information system is a good example of the blood donor system that is not suitable for Uganda. Also some key attributes such as age and sessions in Uganda are lacking on most the interfaces viewed. The interfaces also are not user-friendly as there are many links within the system that can easily confuse the system users and hence leading to data entry errors and boredom. At the Macau blood Transfusion Centre, system Integrado de Bancos de Sangue (SIBAS) works as its solution of computerized blood bank information system.SIBAS complies with the client/server infrastructure, as does its client, and provides an integrated environment for those isolated but interdependent operation in the blood center. With the introdu ction of the SIBAS the blood service at Macau has been enhance in the following aspect. Operational efficiency- the processing time has been shortened in that blood donors need not fill in many regular items. On the other hand, the steps for donor cards are under full control and hence leading to donor satisfaction and confidence.There is also improved information consistency and validity. The Indian case study of Prathma Blood Center, Gupta (2004), promises insights into the integration of IS/IT in management of blood records. The Prathma Blood Center is a quest for modernizing blood banking. The entire function from blood donation to its testing and separation, storage, issue and usage have been integrated through a custom designed enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that minimizes human intervention and making it less error prone.The implementation of ERP in blood bank in India has registered many successes in medical data such as security, confidentiality, secrecy and qu ick retrieval of historical records all of which were challenges at URCS blood center. However, full automation of all blood donation activities like the case cannot be done in Uganda due to limited resources. It requires transition, as it is resource constraining in terms of IT, other equipments and human resources. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 4. 1 Introduction Following the literature review, background information and correlative knowledge regarding this research project follows.In the first part of this chapter, the demand and requirements of the proposed system are discussed and analyzed through dataflow diagrams, the entity relations model and the data dictionary. According to this analysis, the specification of the system is defined. This provides the foundation for chapter 5 (Implementation and Testing). This chapter presents the various design techniques and processes available for building web based applications. It explains the design technique chosen, showing its advanta ges and disadvantages. 4. 2 A different approach for designing web based applicationsTraditionally, software has been broadly classified into different categories. Some of these categories include real-time software, personal computer software, artificial intelligence software and business software. Web-based systems and applications (WebApps) such as web sites and information processing applications that reside on the Internet or an intranet, require a somewhat different method of development than these other categories of computer software (Pressman, 2000) [xx]. This is because web based systems involve a mixture of print publishing, software development, marketing, computing, internal communications, external elations, art and technology. WebApps are network intensive,content driven, continuously evolving applications. They usually have a short development time, need strong security measures, and have to be aesthetically pleasing. In addition, the population of users is usually d iverse. These factors all make special demands on requirements elicitation and modelling. 4. 3 Requirements and Analysis The requirement analysis stage of a software engineering project involves collecting and analyzing information about the part of the organization that is supported by the application.This information is then used to identify the users' requirement of the new system (Conolly et al, 2002) [xx]. Identifying the required functionality of the system is very important as a system with incomplete functionality may lead to it being rejected. A description of the aim of the project is given here along with details of the functional and non-functional requirements for the system. The test sheets for evaluating the completed system are also presented. [pic] 4. 3. 1 RequirementsThe requirements of the Web-based management information system are to develop: †¢ a web based front end for entering donated blood details including the donor, his/her blood group, sex, age, and status of the donated blood †¢ a web based front end for searching the information relating to a given donor or a given blood group; †¢ a facility to still enter donor and donated blood information via Endnote and also maintain the Endnote database using those details entered via the web front end and †¢ a facility to produce summary information of donor and donated blood particulars and any other related activities. . 3. 2 Functional Requirements In this research project we aim at developing a system which should improve on the current one with a lot of functionalities and therefore the Major target or goal here is to: †¢ to develop a blood donor database that can support the five above mention sub- databases that is to say; DonorDB, Donation DB, DiseaseDB, Transfusion DB and Statistical DB †¢ to develop a client interface that allows privileged users to carry out tasks such as inserting or modifying and deleting data in the database; to develop a searching functionality in order to allow normal and privileged users to search the details of a given donor, blood group, stakeholder and if necessary a type of disease common which causes one to need the donated blood †¢ to fully integrate the Web-based management information system to the World- Wide-Web and hence allow access from any Internet networked terminal and Web browser around the world; to develop a facility that can export details entered via the web front end to Endnote as well as import and confidential detail from the Endnote Database; †¢ to develop a functionality that produces summary information of required data to enhance decision making; †¢ to embed high security features in the Web DBMS to provide privacy, integrity; †¢ to allow privileged users to maintain the Web-based management information system by adding/deleting particulars, backing-up or resetting the database and extract online summary in the form of histograms for each donor and lists of f ree-format comments.Thus a graphical reporting tool should be provided for analyzing the data. †¢ and finally the system should be flexible enough to store data for several years and also be able provide sufficient User and Administration Guides. 4. 3. 3 Non-functional Requirements The system must be developed to suit the particular needs of a user-friendly environment. This means that the system must accommodate a clearly understandable user interface as well as clear online help documentation at any stage of the user interaction with the system.A fast response time in obtaining and providing information to the system may also prove to be a significant advantage. In addition to these requirements, the system should also embrace the following requirements:- Security: Each user is required to log in. The system should log staff that has been assigned user names and passwords. The system should be designed to make it impossible for anybody to logon without a valid username and pa ssword. Data encryption should be employed to keep the user login name and password secret.Reliability: The system would be used by about 50 staff working at the Red Cross head quarters and also some other many staff in the collaborating clinics and hospitals. The system should have little or no downtime and be able to handle multiple concurrent users. Ease of Use: The general and administrative views should be easy to use and intuitive. Online help and documentation should be provided. Performance: The system should have a quick response time. For the purpose of this research project, this would be defined as less than 5 seconds.System and Browser compatibility Testing: The system should be accessible on the following browsers – Microsoft Internet Explorer 5. 5+, NetScape Navigator 6. 0+ and Mozilla 1. 3+. System requirements: Red Cross society Uganda has a UNIX server. This system would be designed to run on a minimum hardware configuration of 500MHz x86 machines. Consideri ng the vast hardware available at the society , this would not pose any problems. Server Software: Operating System: Windows XP PHP version: PHP 5. 0+ Web Server: Apache Web Server. 2. 0+ Database: MySQL 4. 01+ [pic] . 4 Access Level Analysis In order to take closer look into what the system should do and how, it was necessary to decompose the system’s functionalities based on the user type and levels of access. The three main user groups and access levels are: †¢ Global User Group (normal access level) †¢ The Red Cross User Group (privileged access level) †¢ The Administration (privileged access level) Therefore, the requirements could be efficiently analyzed depending on the user group and the functionalities they should be allowed to perform. 4. 4. 1 Main System Page (Index)It is required for the system to provide a Main Page where any Global user (any user within and outside the Red Cross Organization) will be able to access. The main functionality of this page will be to allow any user to search the database by using information such as quantity of donated blood, available blood and the groups, or any other general information which may not be considered confidential. The search capabilities of the main page might not be limited to the exact blood donor, but may for example provide the means for displaying any information that might be relevant but not confidential.The Main Page should also include a Login facility for any privileged or normal user to be able to have access to more advanced functionalities of the System. 4. 4. 2 The Red Cross User Group When a Red Cross user has successfully logged into the system via the Main Page Login facility, it will be necessary for the system to display a specific menu with all available option that can be carried out. Therefore by taking into account the system requirements, it will be necessary to nclude options such as Enter donor details, Search donor, Use Endnote Facilities, Produce Summa ry Information as well as an option that will be related to the appropriate User Guide. A Logout option will also be appropriate for the Red Cross user to be able to logout when desired. 4. 4. 3 Entering-Amending Blood donor Details For a user to be able to amend and enter into the system’s database it will be essential to take into account that the blood donor system will be integrated to Endnote. Therefore, it will be essential for the system to provide to the user the exact fields as Endnote does for any particular type of details.In addition, when a particular of a given donor has successfully been submitted or amended into the database it will be essential for the system to display the appropriate message (i. e. Blood donor successfully entered into database). 4. 4. 4 Searching the Blood Donor Database The Searching Facility for the Red Cross user should not differ from the facility that will be provided on the Main Page of the system for all users. Therefore, the Red Cr oss user will be able to search any type of information in the database using the same way as specified for the Global User. 4. 4. 5 Producing Summary InformationFor this requirement it is essential to firstly understand why and when it will be used and to adjust the functionality to best suit these purposes. In order for the system to efficiently produce summary information it will have to provide a menu providing options such as Produce Annual Report, or Produce General Report etc. 4. 4. 6 Endnote Facilities In order for the system to be effective, it will be necessary for it to be integrated with the Endnote software. Therefore, it will be very significant to accommodate two options that will include Importing blood particulars from Endnote and Exporting blood particulars to Endnote.How this will be done will mainly rely on taking full advantage of particular Endnote filters that are provided for these reasons. 4. 4. 7 Administrator For maintenance purposes it will be of great si gnificance to include advanced Administrator functionalities that can only be accessed by this particular user group. The most reasonable options for an administrator to perform may include tasks such as deleting donors (should not be provided to the Red Cross user group for security reasons), Backing-up and Restoring the database, Resetting the blood donors database etc.In addition to these functionalities the administrator may also be asked to perform tasks related to Red Cross or Global user (i. e. Entering new donors, Searching for a given donor or available blood group) and therefore any functionality provided by the system must be included in the administrator capabilities. .5 Task Structure Diagrams For the development of a more consistent and effective system, it was essential to firstly identify which information should be included accomplish this, it was first of great significance to group all the relevant tasks (system functionalities) depending on the users.The way the systems tasks could be efficiently identified was by using a special technique from the Discovery method called Task Structure Sketching (Simons, 2002). 4. 5. 1 The Red Cross User Red Cross User Functionalities Fig 4. 1: The Red Cros User Task Structure Diagram Insert New Data Edit data Search for Data Produce summary Use Endnote Search for a recipient Search donors Search for disease Export d donations Weekly report Produce annual reports Import donations Search for hospitals Edit clinics Update data Edit donors -recipients Edit diseases Insert new disease Insert recipients Insert donor The Administrator UserAdministrator Functionalities Fig 4. 2 The Administrator Task Structure Diagram Red Cross user Functionalities Delete data Backup data Reset database Backup database Restore Database Delete a phased out disease Delete donor Delete recipient The administrator can perform any task that are performed by the Red Cross User 4. 5. 3 The Global User Global User Functionalities Search database Login Search by recipients Search by donors Search y Year Login as Red Cross User Login as Administrator Want to donate blood – 4. 7 Web Engineering Web engineering is the process used to create high quality Web-based systems and applications (WebApps).Web engineering (WebE) exhibits the fundamental concepts and principles of software engineering by following a disciplined approach to the development of computer-based systems, emphasizing the same technical and management activities (Pressman, 2000) [xx]. The design and production of a software product (such as a web application) involves a set of activities or a software process (Sommerville, 2004) [xx]. A software process model is an abstract representation of a software process. Three generic process models usually adopted in projects are †¢ The waterfall model – This has distinct project phases, which can be easily monitored.These phases are requirements specification, software design, implementation and testing. †¢ Evolutionary development – An initial system is developed quickly from abstract specifications. This is later refined with the input of the user to produce a system that meets the users needs. It is an iterative model. Two refinements of this approach are the incremental and the spiral models. The incremental model of evolutionary development delivers software in small but usable â€Å"increments†, where each increment builds on those that have already been delivered.The spiral model couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the waterfall model. †¢ Component-based software engineering – This is based on the existence of a large number of reusable components and is best suited in an object-oriented environment. A process model helps address the complexity of software, minimize the risk of project failure, deal with change during the project and help deliver the software quickly. For this pr oject two process models were considered: 1. Spiral model 2. A waterfall model. [pic] 4. A WebE Spiral model The spiral model shown in Fig 4. 4 is suggested by Pressman (2000)[xx]. The process consists of 6 main stages, outlined below: 1. Formulation: This is an activity in which the goals and objectives of the WebApp are identified and the scope for the first increment in the process is established. 2. Planning: This stage estimates overall project cost, evaluates risks associated with the development effort, prepares a detailed development schedule for the initial WebApp increment and defines a more coarsely granulated schedule for subsequent increments. Analysis: This stage is the requirement analysis stage for the WebApp. Technical requirements and content items to be used are identified. Graphic design requirements are also identified. Fig 4. 4: The WebE Spiral Model 4. Engineering: Two parallel set of tasks make up the engineering activity. One set involves content design and production, which is non-technical work. This involves gathering text, graphics, and other content to be integrated into the WebApp. At the same time, a set of technical tasks (Architectural design, Navigation design, and Interface Design) are carried out. . Page generation: This is the construction activity that makes use of automated tools for WebApp creation and the content is joined with the architectural, navigation and interface designs to produce executable Webpages in HTML. 6. Customer Evaluation: During this stage, each increment of the WebEprocess is reviewed. Powell (2002) [xx] presents a waterfall model for web engineering (Fig 5. 2). The advantage of this model is that it helps developers plan most of the work up front. 4. 9 Design Phase The design involves the production of technical and visual prototypes.This stage has some on-technical aspects such as gathering of web content. Powell (2002)[xx] points out that ontent gathering can be one of the biggest problems in we b projects. This clearly is not the ase with this survey application as there is very little content required. For the server side rogramming and other technical aspects of the design emphasis will be laid on such design oncepts and principles as effective modularity (high cohesion and low coupling), nformation hiding and stepwise elaboration. The goal is to make the system easier to adapt, ehance, test and use (Pressman, 2000) [xx]. 4. . 1 Producing HTML There are basically 4 methods of producing HTML – 1. Coding by hand using a simple text editor 2. Translation in which content produced in a tool such as note pad is saved as aHTML document. 3. Using a tagging editor that helps fill in the required tags 4. Using a â€Å"What you see is what you get editor† (WYSIWYG) such as MS FrontPage or Macromedia Dreamweaver ©. All these methods have their advantages and disadvantages. While coding by hand may be slow and error prone, it does provide great control over markup, a s well as help address bugs and new HTML/XHTML elements immediately.At the extreme, â€Å"What You See Is What You Get† (WYSIWYG) editors provide visual representation of a page and require no significant knowledge of HTML or CSS. However hey often generate incorrect or less than optimal markup and tend to encourage fixed size resentations that do not separate the look and the structure (Powell, 2003) [xx]. Putting all hese into consideration, a tagging editor, HTML-kit © was chosen for this work. While tagging editors can be slow and require intimate knowledge of HTML and CSS, they provide agreat deal of control and are a lot faster than hand editing. [pic] 4. 10 Architectural DesignWebApps fall into 4 main structures. They can be linear, grid, hierarchical, or networked (fig 4. 5). In practice most web sites are a combination of some of these structures. Fig. 4-5. Navigational Structures of websites/Web Applications ( Lemay, 2000) Considering the nature of this web applic ation, a combination of both hierarchical and linear structures will be adopted. The actual survey web pages will have a linear structure while the Admin pages will have more hierarchical nature. 411 Database Design Database design involves the production of a model of the data to be stored in the database.A data model is a diagram of the database design that documents and communicates how the database is structured. The database design methodology followed in this project is that suggested by Connolly et al(2002)[xx]. Connolly presents quite a detailed guide to designing database but not all of those steps may apply here, as this project is not too complex. The design process is divided into three main stages – conceptual, logical and physical database design. The purpose of the conceptual database design is to decompose the design into more manageable tasks, by examining user perspectives of the system.That is, local conceptual data models are created that are a complete an d accurate representation of the enterprise as seen by different users. Each local conceptual data model is made up of entity types, relationship types, attributes and their domains, primary keys and integrity constraints. For each user view identified a local conceptual data model would be built. (Connolly et al,2002) [xx]. In building the conceptual data model, a data dictionary is built to identify the major entities in the system. An entity relationship (ER) diagram is used to visualize the system and represent the user’s requirements.The ER diagram is used to represent entities and how they relate to one another. The ER diagram also shows the relationships between the entities, their occurrence (multiplicities) and attributes. Following the view integration approach, a different data model (ER diagram) is made for each user Data Dictionary Entity Name Description Donors A person who donates blood Recipients A person who receives blood Diseases The diseases which are foun d in the infected donated blood Blood group The blood that is donated by the donors Hospital/ClinicHospitals to which donated blood is distributed Staff Red Cross staff District Districts from which donors and recipients originate from Table 4. 1: Data Dictionary 4. 11. 1 Conceptual Database Design In this stage, a local conceptual data model is built for each identified view in the system. Alocal conceptual data model comprises of entity types, relationship types, attributes and their domains, primary and alternate keys, and integrity constraints. The conceptual data model is supported by documentation such as a data dictionary.The entity types are the main objects the users are interested in. Entities have an existence intheir own right. Entity types are identified and their names and description are recorded in adata dictionary. Care is taking to ensure that all relationships in the users requirements specification are identified. An Entity-Relationship diagram is used to represe nt the relationship between entities. The multiplicity of each relationship is included. This is because a model that includes multiplicity constraints gives a better representation of the enterprise.Relationship descriptions and the multiplicity constraints are recorded in the data dictionary. Each model is validated to ensure it supported the required transactions. Entity name Attributes Description Data Type Size Nulls Multi Valued Donors donorId (PK) -dNames -sex – dob – distId (FK) – doreg Donor identification number Donor’s names Donor’s sex Date of birth District of origin Date of registration Text Text Text Date Int Date 8 30 6 30 3 30 No No No No No No No No No No No No Recipients -rId (PK) -rNames -sex – dob – distId (FK) – doreg Recipient’s identification umber Recipients names recipient’s sex Date of birth District of origin Date of registration Text Text Text Date Int Date 8 30 6 30 3 30 No No No No N o No No No No No No No Diseases -dId (PK) -dNames -drating Disease identification number Disease names Disease rating on how people are infected from it Text Text text 8 30 20 No No No No No No Blood bGroup(PK) donorId (FK) rId (FK) status Blood group Donor identification number recipient identification number status of the donated blood whether infected or not Text Text Text text 2 8 8 15 No No No No No No No No Hospital/Clinic hId (PK) hNames distId (FK) Hospital identification number Hospital name District identification Number text text int 8 100 3 No No No No No No Staff staffId (PK) staffNames sex dob department Staff identification number Staff names Sex Date of birth Department to which the staff belongs text text sex date text 8 50 6 15 100 No No No No No No No No No No District distId distName District number District name int text 3 100 No No No No Entity name Multiplicity Relationship Entity Name Multiplicity Donors 1 Donates Blood 1 Recipients 1 Receives Blood 1 Disease s Contained in Blood 0 .. * Blood 1 Donated by Donor 1 .. * Hospital/ Clinic 1 Receives Blood 1 .. * Staff 1 Registers Donors 1 .. * District 1 Has Recipients 1 .. * Table 4. 2: An extract from the data dictionary showing a description of the relationships between the entities. 4. 11. 2 Logical Database Design The process of logical database design constructs a model of the information used in an enterprise based on a specific data model, such as the relational model, but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations (Connolly et al, 2002)[xx].The logical database design consists of an ER diagram, a relational schema, and any supporting documentation for them. In the logical data model, all attributes of entities are primitive. Producing a logical data model involves normalization. The aim of normalization is to eradicate certain undesirable characteristics from a database design. It removes data redundancy and thus prevents update anomalies. Normalization helps increase the clarity of the data model. Integrity constraints are imposed in order to protect the database from becoming inconsistent.There are five types of integrity constraints – required data, attribute domain constraints, entity integrity, referential integrity and enterprise constraints. The resulting relations are validated using normalization. For this project, producing relations in third normal form (3NF) will suffice. Non-relational features, such as many-to-many relationships and some one-to-one relationships, are removed from the conceptual data model. The design is also reviewed to make sure it meets all the transaction requirements. [pic] 1.. * 1.. 1 1.. * 1.. * 1.. 1 1.. 1 registers Donors PK donorId Names sex dob FK distId doreg District PK distId distName Recipient PK rId rNames sex dob FK distId doreg Hospital PK hId (PK) hNames FK distId Staff PK staffId staffNames sex dob department Diseases PK dId dNames drating Blood PK bGroup FK donorId FK rId status Fig. 4. 6: The ER diagram 4. 11. 3 Physical Database Design Physical database design translates the logical data model into a set of SQL statements that define the database for a particular database system. In other words, it is the process of producing a description of the implementation of the database on secondary storage.It describes the base relations and the storage structures and access methods used to access the data effectively, along with associated integrity constraints and security measures. The target DBMS in this case is MySQL. The following translations occur: 1. Entities become tables in MySQL. 2. Attributes become columns in the MySQL database. 3. Relationships between entities are modeled as foreign keys. Donation Process View Video †¢ [pic] Getting Ready for Your Donation †¢ †¢ The Donation Process Step by Step †¢ †¢ After the Donation To get ready for your  donation: | |[pic] | |Make an Appointment | |It always helps us to know in adv ance when you are coming in to make a donation. | |[pic] | |Hydrate |[pic] | |Be sure to drink plenty of fluids the day of your donation. | |[pic] | | |Wear Something Comfortable | | |Wear clothing with sleeves that can easily be rolled up | | |above the elbow. | |[pic] | | |Maintain a Healthy  Level of Iron in Your Diet  Before | | |Donating | | |If possible, include iron-rich foods  in your diet, | | |especially in the weeks before your donation. | |[pic] | |Bring a List of Medications You Are Taking | |We will need to know about any prescription and/or over the counter medications that may be in your system. |[pic] | |[pic] |Bring an ID | | |Please bring either your donor card, driver's | | |license or two other forms of identification. | |[pic] | | |Bring a Friend | | |Bring along a friend, so that you may both enjoy | | |the benefits of giving blood. | |[pic] | | |Relax! | | |Blood donation is a simple and very safe procedure| | |so there is nothing to worry about. |